句子一：

　　Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分為三段：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, / extremists of this kind think / that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

　　第二、句子的結構：

　　1)主干結構是extremists of this kind think that… 其中that引導賓語從句，Arguing from...是現在分詞短語作狀語。

　　2) the view和后面的從句that...是同位語關系

　　第三、詞的處理：

　　Arguing from the view 從……觀點看，持……觀點

　　different from... 與……不同

　　in every relevant respect 在各相關方面

　　extremists 極端主義者，持極端觀點的人

　　lie outside the area of moral choice 不在道德問題范圍，與道德取舍無關

　　參考譯文：

　　這類人持極端看法，認為人與動物在各相關方面都不相同，對待動物無須考慮道德問題。

　　句子二：

　　But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looks into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分為三段：But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looks into the past, / for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures / that existed 15 billion years ago.

　　第二、句子主干結構是：主句+ for +原因狀語從句。

　　主句是強調句it was... that...被強調部分the farthest是后面句子的狀語，可以理解為scientists had been able to look the farthest into the past

　　2) for...引導的原因狀語從句是一個系表結構，what they were seeing是從句中的主語，that引導定語從句修飾the patterns and structures。

　　第三、詞的處理：

　　even more important 更為重要的是

　　he patterns and structures (宇宙云的)形狀和結構

　　15 billion years ago 150億年前

　　參考譯文：

　　更為重要的是，這是科學家們所能觀測到的比較遙遠的過去的景象，因為他們看到的是150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結構。

　　句子三：

　　Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分為三段：Odd though it sounds, / cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, / and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

　　第二、句子的結構：

　　1)主干結構是cosmic inflation is a consequence, and many astrophysicists have been convinced that it is true.其中Odd though it sounds是倒裝的讓步狀語從句，等于 though it sounds odd

　　2) consequence前后有多重定語。

　　3) and many astrophysicists have been convinced為被動結構。

　　4) that it is true是賓語從句。

　　第三、詞的處理：

　　cosmic inflation 宇宙膨脹說

　　scientifically plausible consequence 科學上可信的推論

　　in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理學

　　convinced 被說服，相信

　　for the better part of a decade 七八年來

　　參考譯文：

　　宇宙膨脹說雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學中一些公認的理論在科學上看來可信的推論。許多天體物理學家七八年來一直認為這一論說是正確的。

　　句子四：

　　Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分為三段：Interest in historical methods has arisen / less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline / and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

　　第二、句子的結構

　　1)主干結構是一個簡單句：Interest has arisen less through ...and more from...

　　2)并列狀語less through ...and more from的翻譯是關鍵，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直譯為：比較少的是因為……，更多的原因是……

　　3)challenge后面的不定式短語to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的定語，直譯對歷史作為一門學科的正確性提出異議，internal quarrels后面的介詞短語among historians themselves作quarrels的定語。

　　第三、詞的處理：

　　Interest in historical methods 對歷史方法的關注(興趣)

　　arisen 來自于，產生于challenge質疑，挑戰

　　validity 真實性，正確性as an intellectual discipline作為一門學問(一個學科領域)

　　internal quarrels 內部意見不統一，內部分歧

　　參考譯文：

　　人們之所以關注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學界內部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學問。

　　句子五：

　　During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分為三段：During this transfer, / traditional historical methods were augmented / by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

　　第二、句子的結構：

　　1)主干結構是一個被動語態的簡單句：...methods were augmented by...

　　2)過去分詞短語designed to...作句子賓語methodologies的定語。

　　第三、詞的處理：

　　transfer 轉變

　　augmented 充實，補充

　　additional methodologies 新方法 designed to用來

　　interpret 闡釋，解釋，說明

　　the new forms of evidence 新的證據形式，根據上下文意思引申為在歷史學研究中的新史料

　　參考譯文：

　　在這種轉變中，歷史學家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統的歷史研究方法。