成考升專本英語定語從句復習指導(1)
來源:育路教育網發(fā)布時間:2012-08-24
Lesson twelve:定語從句(一)
第一部分:語法講解
在句中起定語作用,修飾某一個名詞或代詞,或修飾整個主句的從句,叫做定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。定語從句通常在先行詞之后,由關系詞引導。關系詞既起到聯(lián)系主句和從句的作用,又代替先行詞在從句中擔任一定的語法成分。
如:I don’t like the people who are lazy.(people先行詞,who關系詞在從句中作主語)
關系詞可以分為關系代詞和關系副詞。
引導定語從句的關系代詞有:
先行詞指人:who, whom
先行詞指物:which
先行詞指人或物均可:that, whose
引導定語從句的關系副詞有:
when, where, why
1. 先行詞指人,用關系代詞who,whom
who在定語從句中可以作主語、賓語或表語,但是who之前不可用介詞
He’s a teacher.
He has lived here for two years.
現在我們把這兩句話合成一句話:
He’s a teacher who has lived here for two years.( 關系詞who在定語從句中充當語法成分,并且指代先行詞的內容)
現在我們把下面這個句子拆開:
The lady who is standing behind the counter served me.
The lady served me.
The lady is standing behind the counter.
如:The girl who plays the piano very well is his daughter.那位鋼琴彈得很好的小姑娘是他的女兒。(who 作從句主語)
He is no longer the man who he used to be.他不再是以前那樣的人了。(who在從句中作表語)
She’s the lady who I met yesterday.( who在從句中作動詞met的賓語)
I like the people who I work with.我很喜歡和我一起工作的人。(who作介詞with的賓語)
whom在定語從句中不能做主語,但可以作賓語。
如:I like the people with whom I work. (whom作介詞的賓語)
Where is the student whom Professor Su praised at the meeting?蘇教授在會上表揚的那個學生在哪里?(作動詞賓語)
注:關系代詞在介詞后面,作介詞賓語的時候,只能用whom指人。
2.表示人或物的所有關系,用whose
我們用whose表示所有關系,whose后面接名詞,whose可以指人也可以指物。
如:
合并下列兩句話:
He’s a writer.
His books sell good.
He’s a writer whose books sell good.(whose指的是the writer’s,源于名詞所有格或者代詞所有格即:物主代詞的形式)
It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.(指物,a meeting)
先行詞是物體。定語從句表達“ 。。。的“也可以用the +n + of which 的結構。如:上面這句話還可以說成:(知識的源頭of所有格)
It was a meeting the importance of which I didn’t realize at the time.
2. 先行詞指物,用關系代詞which
同學們先把下面這兩句話合并成一句話:
The book is interesting.
I bought it yesterday.
The book which I bought yesterday is interesting.(關系詞 which 就是指代的書,在定語從句中作bought 的賓語,所以原句中買的賓語it 要去掉)
我們來做拆句練習:
如:The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(which替代的物,作從句的主語)
The building is a supermarket.
The building stands near the train station.( which指代的內容還原)
The computer which I wanted to buy was sold out.我想買的那種計算機賣完了。(which替代的物,作從句的賓語)
She was fond of dancing, which her brother never was.她喜愛跳舞,她弟弟不喜愛.( which替代的物,作從句的表語)
注:當關系代詞接跟介詞,作介詞賓語,只能用which指物。
如:This is the house in which we lived last year.這就是我們去年住的房子。(which作介詞in的賓語,不可以用that替換)
4.that可以指人,也可以指代物
that可以指人,也可以指代物,不能用在非限定性定語從句中,也不能用在介詞后面。
如:The man that is speaking at the meeting is a famous scientist.會上講話的那個人是一位著名的科學家。(that指代人,作從句的主語)
Is this the photo that you took last summer? 這是你去年夏天照的相片嗎?(that指代物,作從句的賓語)
在下面幾種情況下,必須用that引導定語從句:
1) 先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, everything, anything等
如:Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
再如:2001年第33小題:
All that is needed is a continuous supply of fuel.
2) 先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或本身是序數詞,形容詞最高級
如:This is the best movie that I have ever seen.這是我看到過的最好的一部電影。
3) 先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little等修飾時
如:I have read all the books that you gave me.我讀了你給我的所有的書。
4) 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時
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