九、羅馬人的建國

　　The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1 the construction of idea__l__ states，such as__2__ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions，Roman theorists ignored，or rejected__3__ valueless，intellectual exercises like Plato‘s Republic，in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publica，and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in __7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete，even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome，Romulus，was__9__ to have received authority from the gods，specifically from Jupiter，the“guarantor”of Rome. All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__，the family heads who formed the original senate，__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority，because its original function was to__14__the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive，the senators moved__15__to divide the authority，holding that their consuls，or chief officials，would possess it on__16__months，and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous __20__，as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded. 1.[A] with [B] for [C] in [D] to 2. [A] tempted [B] attracted [C] appealed [D] transferred 3. [A] on [B] for [C] as [D] about 4. [A] which [B] that [C] what [D] it 5. [A] turned [B] worked [C] brought [D] made 6. [A] special [B] specific [C] peculiar [D] particular 7. [A] existence [B] store [C] reality [D] mind 8. [A] abandoned [B] caught [C] separated [D] involved 9. [A] told [B] held [C] suggested [D] advised 10. [A] tendency [B] procedure [C] development [D] relation 11. [A] authority [B] power [C] control [D] ruling 12. [A] officers [B] men [C] administrators [D] fathers 13. [A] possessed [B] claimed [C] assured [D] enforced 14. [A] confirm [B] confer [C] consult [D] consider 15. [A] over [B] along [C] on [D] about 16. [A] alternate [B] different [C] varied [D] several 17. [A] And [B] So [C] Or [D] But 18. [A] state [B] country [C] people [D] national 19. [A] as [B] when [C] if [D] so 20. [A] dimension [B] complexity [C] exercise [D] function答案1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7.D 8.D 9. B 10. C 11. A 12. D 13.A 14.C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. B

　　總體分析本文介紹了羅馬人有關國家建設的理論。第一句指出羅馬人有關國家形成的理論很有特點。第二句至第五句指出，羅馬人的理論與希臘人的大不相同，是非常具體的。第六句至文章結尾具體闡述了羅馬人關于國家權力的所有和分配形式。

　　全文翻譯奧古斯都（羅馬帝國第一代皇帝）的成功很大程度上歸功于羅馬人將國家理論化的特點。羅馬人沒有制定出讓希臘人感興趣的建設理想國家的宏偉藍圖。在柏拉圖的《理想國》中不涉及具體個人或國家的一種個人與國家之間的關系被詳細地設計出來，但羅馬理論家們幾乎無一例外地忽視或拒絕接受像《理想國》這樣的智力訓練，認為它們毫無價值。羅馬人比較接近希臘模式的是西塞羅的《論國家》，甚至在這本書中西塞羅的心中已經對羅馬有了非常清楚的想法。即使涉及到宗教和道德概念，羅馬人關于國家的想法也是具體的。羅馬的第一位統治者羅穆盧斯被認為從神，尤其是從羅馬的守護神宙斯那里獲得了權力。所有憲法的發展都是一種賦予和監督這種權力的方法。很顯然，人們相信只有先父們的立法機構，即一家之主們組成的比較初的參議院，才擁有行使這種權力所必需的宗教特質，因為它比較初的功能是尋求神的啟示。既實際又排外的參議員們將權力再進一步分割，認為他們的司法官或總管官員，將每隔一個月擁有這項權力，并在之后將其擁有權擴大到更低等級的官員。但是重要的成就是創造了持續的國家權力的概念，這種權力只是臨時體現在某些上層階級的個人身上，并且只有當普通大眾一致同意的時候才被賦予。當新的部門和立法機構被創造出來并且幾乎沒有任何一個被擯棄的時候，這個系統變得越來越復雜。