1. 7 選 5 的命題分析

    本題型的內容是一篇總長度為 500~600 詞的文章，其中有 5 段空白，文章后有 6~7 段文字，要求考生根據文章內容從這 6~7 段文字中選擇出 5 個答案，分別放進文章中 5 個空白處。

    此題型所考文章不僅長度上長于閱讀理解 A 節中的文章 （ 每篇約 400~450 詞 ） ，閱讀量大，而且在文字難度和做題要求上也都高于 A 節。 A 節中的文章是完整的，在通讀文章或查讀細節時，思路不會被打斷。而此題型文章中有 5 處空白，在閱讀過程中，如果不明白文章的主旨和段落主題、作者的寫作意圖，就很難順暢地讀下去、讀明白，自然就很難選出正確答案。而一個空填錯勢必又影響到對另外一個空的選擇。另外，此題有 5 個空白處，卻提供 6~7 個選項 （ 根據大綱 ） ，因此有 1~2 個選項是多余的干擾選項，從而又加大了選出正確答案的難度。

    該題型要求考生從整體上把握文章的邏輯結構和內容上的聯系，理解句子之間、段落之間的關系，對諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特征有較強的意識和熟練的把握，并具備運用語法知識分析理解長難句的能力。可以說，此題型是對語言能力和閱讀理解能力的綜合測試，因此在要求上遠遠高于這兩種題型，考生有必要對這類題型的答題思路多練習，以提高自己在這個部分的應試能力。

    2. 7 選 5 的考察要點

    這一考查題型對閱讀理解提出了更高層次的要求，即不僅要有閱讀速度，要對所讀文章的主旨要義、具體信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的寫作意圖、觀點，區分出論點和論據，并且能夠把握文章的寫作結構和脈絡層次，只有了解了這一切，才能比較準確地確定應該選擇哪個選項。

    不過，只要了解了這種新題型所考查的要點，出題位置，在閱讀文章時有意識地加強對文章寫作思路和結構組織安排的理解，掌握英語文章常見的幾種寫作結構，對迅速增強此類新題型的應對能力還是非常有幫助的。

    1） 出題位置

    （a） 句子 （ 段首，段中，段尾 ，缺 1 句或 1 個以上的句子 ）

    （b） 段落 （ 一般是一段 ）

    該節分為兩個部分：主干部分和選項部分。主干部分的原文約 600 詞，其中有 5 段空白處，空白處的位置可能在段首、段中、段未，但不會是文章的第一句，一般情況下也不會是比較后一句。選項部分為 6 或 7 段文字，每段可能是一個句子，可能是兩三個短句，也有可能是完整的段落。其中 5 段分屬于主干部分的空白處。要求考生依據自己對文章的理解從選項中選擇 5 段文字放回到文章中相應的 5 段空白處。

    2） 出題數量

    非等額選項 （ 題目 5 道， 7 個選項 ）

    3） 文章結構

    （a） 描述性結構 （ 主要介紹事物、問題或傾向的特點，對人物的描述如傳記，包括人身體特征、家庭背景、成長過程、個性愛好、成就貢獻等內容進行描述，因此時間、地點往往是出題重點 ）

    （b） 釋義性結構 （ 解釋某一理論、學科、事物，主要用例子比喻類比闡述 ）

    （c） 比較性結構 （ 把兩個人或事物功能、特點、優缺點進行對比 ）

    （d） 原因性結構 （ 這種結構主要分析事物的成因，客觀的、主觀的、直接的、間接的 ）

    （e） 駁斥性結構 （ 這種結構主要是先介紹一種觀點，然后對其評論或駁斥，然后分析其優點缺點、危害性、比較后闡明自己的觀點 ）

    3. 7 選 5 的解題步驟

    1） 快速閱讀全文要點詞句，包括首尾段、首尾句以及獨立成段的句子和文章中帶轉折詞的句子等，目的是掌握文章的主要內容。

    但是由于文章中空缺了五處，而且有的地方空缺的是幾句話甚至是一整段，文章的整個結構和邏輯是被打斷了的，因此在短時間內掌握文章要點或邏輯思路是很困難的。因此這一步可能對很多考生來說會花費很多時間。如果感覺困難而且收獲不大，可直接進入第二步，即一開始就邊閱讀邊分析做題。

    2） 邊讀邊做題，重點閱讀各個問題附近的句子，圈定線索詞，然后從選項中尋找相關的特征詞，以確定答案。做題時可以采用代入排除法。如果一題做不出或拿不準，可先放過，繼續往下讀，先做容易的能做出的題，直到讀完整篇文章。至此，文章的要點和主旨、各個段落之間的邏輯關系應基本清楚了。

    3） 重新閱讀相關詞句，重點做剛才沒做出的題或不確定的題，此時可將已選出的答案代入原文，利用排除法。同時檢查核對已選出的答案，看文章從內容上是否語義連貫合理，語篇結構上是否通順連貫、具有一致性、合乎邏輯，寫作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用語是否恰當貼切。如果所選的答案可以滿足上述標準，則表明各個問題的答案基本正確。

    4. 7 選 5 的解題策略

    1） 從意思上判斷

    在做題時比較重要的是要讀懂空白前后的句子，明白這幾句話的確切意思，然后根據意思的連貫性或邏輯性從選項中選取正確答案。在讀懂意思的基礎上，再利用線索特征詞等進一步確認答案。

    2） 從詞匯上鎖定線索

    做題時很重要的一點是保持對一些線索詞的敏感，比較主要的線索特征詞是空白前后的名詞和動詞，尋找答案時注意在選項中查找同義詞、近義詞、反義詞或表示同一類事物的詞語等。其次是代詞、數詞、表示時間 / 年代的詞、地點 / 名稱等專有名詞等。尤其是在讀不懂句子的情況下，利用這樣的線索詞尋找答案是很有效的方法。

    3） 從關聯詞上查找

    由于英語的句段之間經常會運用關聯詞表示銜接和過渡，使文章邏輯更清楚和連貫，因此文章中和選項中表示各種邏輯關系的路標性信號詞在選擇答案時都是很重要的線索。關于這樣的路標性信號詞請詳見下一節文章段落的語段特征之“連貫性”一部分。

    在做題時可將這三個層面的線索很好地結合起來。例如，在看到表示并列或遞進關系的關聯詞時，一般表示前后句子的名詞或句意具有同指性 ； 而表示轉折讓步關系的詞則往往表示前后句子的名詞同指，但句意對立，或褒貶對立或肯否對立 ； 而表示例證關系的詞則意味著在舉例之前或之后有表述概念或某一觀點的句子，往往會有復數名詞出現。

    5. 根據試題所在的不同位置確定不同的解題策略

    1） 如果問題在段首

    （a） 通常是段落主題句。認真閱讀后文內容，根據段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關的詞，推斷出主題句。

    （b） 與后文是并列、轉折、因果關系等。著重閱讀后文第一兩句，鎖定線索信號詞，然后在選項中查找相關特征詞。通常正確答案的比較后一句與空白后的第一句在意思上是緊密銜接的，因此這兩句間會有某種的銜接手段，尤其當選項是幾句話時。比如，如果選項中出現時間年代時，往往要注意與原文中年代的前后對應關系。

    （c） 段落間的過渡句。這時要前瞻后望找啟示，即閱讀上一段結尾部分，通常正確答案與上一段結尾有機地銜接起來，并結合下一段內容，看所選的答案是否將兩段內容連貫起來。

    2） 如果問題在段尾

    （a） 空白前的一句或兩句是重點語句，重點閱讀以鎖定關鍵詞。

    （b） 通常是結論、概括性語句。注意在選項中查找表示結果、結論、總結等的信號詞，如 therefore， as a result， thus， hence， in short， to sum up， to conclude， in a word 等詞語，選項中也可發現前文的同義詞句。

    （c） 與前文是轉折或對比關系。此時要注意在選項中查找表示轉折、對比的關聯詞，同時注意選項中所講內容是否與前文在同一主題上形成對立、對比關系。

    （d） 與前文是并列或排比關系。在這種情況下，通常是該段落要求補全說明本段主題的其他細節，因此根據段落一致性原則，在原文和選項中找到相關的特征詞，通常在選項中會出現表示并列 / 遞進關系的關聯詞或與前文類似的句式結構，或出現同義詞等其他信號線索。前面的一句與正確答案的第一句是緊密相連的。要特別注意閱讀這樣相連的兩句，通常會找到關鍵的線索詞句。

    （e） 所選答案是引出下一段的內容。如果在選項中找不出與前文之間的關聯，此時可考慮與下一段開頭是否有一定的銜接。認真閱讀下一段開頭幾句，看是否與選項的比較后一句緊密連接起來。

    （f） 如果第一段的段尾是空白，要認真閱讀，看此處是細節還是主題。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主題，如果在段尾提出主題，會用一些信號詞如轉折詞引出來，正確答案中應有這樣的特征詞。

    3） 如果問題是一整個自然段

    （a） 這個段落應該是承上啟下，而且自成一體，即有一個段落的中心，因此可重點閱讀選項中較長的選項，以此類推直至找到正確答案。

    （b） 著重閱讀前一段結尾和后一段開頭的一兩句查找相關的線索，而且重要線索通常會在后一段開頭，因此后一段開頭往往比前一段結尾更為重要。

    （c） 分析段落之間的邏輯關系及內容的連貫性，注意段落間的銜接手段。將選項代入原文，如果前后內容連貫，符合邏輯，就能得出正確答案。

    7 選 5 考查的是語篇的連貫性和一致性，因此就要使用到各種達到連貫目的的各種銜接手段，即：詞匯銜接、邏輯銜接、結構銜接。通過對這些銜接手段的分類， 7 選 5 的解題方法主要有以下幾種：

    1） 詞匯復現法

    復現，是保證文章前后銜接而經常使用的一種寫作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置對同一個概念進行重復描述，從而使得同樣的意思在文章不同的地方重復出現。復現關系，主要是指同義詞復現、近義詞復現、反義詞復現等。

    例 1（2005 年真題 ）

    Canada ‘ s premiers （the leaders of provincial governments）， if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting， might spare a moment to do something， together， to reduce health-care costs.

    They ‘ re all groaning about soaring health budgets， the fastest �� growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs.

    41

    What to do？ Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care — to say nothing of reports from other experts — recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs， bureaucracy， procedures and limited bargaining power， all would pool resources， work with Ottawa， and create a national institution.

    ［ A ］ Quebec ‘ s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec ’ s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent！

    ［ B ］ Or they could read Mr. Kirby ‘ s report： “ The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription �� drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies. ”

    ［ C ］ What does “ national ” mean？ Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

    ［ D ］ The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been， are， and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

    ［ E ］ According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information， prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

    ［ F ］ So， if the provinces want to run the health-care show， they should prove they can run it， starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication， save administrative costs， prevent one province from being played off against another， and bargain for better drug prices.

    ［ G ］ Of course， the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers， they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that， if one province includes a drug on its list， the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn ‘ t like a national agency， but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

    「解析」［ E ］空白前的一段說： They ‘ re all groaning about soaring health budgets， the fastest �� growing components of which are pharmaceutical costs（ 省長們都在抱怨醫療成本飛漲，其中漲得比較快的就是藥品的費用 ） .在這句話中，談論的關鍵是 pharmaceutical cost（ 醫藥成本 ） ，同時我們注意到文章的第一段談論的主題也是關于 health costs（ 醫療成本 ） 的問題，因此可以判斷文章下一段談論的話題一定圍繞“藥品成本”展開，也就是“藥品成本”這個概念會在下面的一段文字中復現。對比選項，只有選項［ E ］中出現了關于“藥品成本” （drug costs） 的論述，同時從內容上來看，試題前面的句子說“藥品的成本飛漲”，選項［ E ］對前面的句子作了補充說明，解釋了藥品上漲的原因 （Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices） .

    例 2（2005 年真題 ）

    What to do？ Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care — to say nothing of reports from other experts — recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs， bureaucracy， procedures and limited bargaining power， all would pool resources， work with Ottawa， and create a national institution.

    42

    But “ national ” doesn ‘ t have to mean that. “ National ” could mean interprovincial — provinces combining efforts to create one body.

    ［ A ］ Quebec ‘ s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec ’ s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent！

    ［ B ］ Or they could read Mr. Kirby ‘ s report： “ The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription �� drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies. ”

    ［ C ］ What does “ national ” mean？ Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

    ［ D ］ The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been， are， and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

    ［ E ］ According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information， prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

    ［ F ］ So， if the provinces want to run the health-care show， they should prove they can run it， starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication， save administrative costs， prevent one province from being played off against another， and bargain for better drug prices.

    ［ G ］ Of course， the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers， they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that， if one province includes a drug on its list， the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn ‘ t like a national agency， but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

    「解析」［ C ］試題前的一段提到了要成立全國性的機構 （create a national institution） ，并講到了它的特點。空白后的一段以 But 開頭，解釋 national 的含義：“ National ” could mean interprovincial — provinces combining efforts to create one body（ “全國性”也可以說是省際間的，也就是說，各省可以共同努力成立一個機構 ） ，試題的前后都出現了關于 national 的信息，由此可以判斷，要填入的句子中一定會復現關于 national 的內容，比較選項可以發現選項［ A ］和選項［ C ］中出現了關于 national 的復現信息，但選項［ A ］講的是 Quebec ‘ s resistance to a national agency（Quebec 對國家醫療機構的抵制 ） ，作者對 national 的定義還沒有交代清楚之前，不可能出現選項［ A ］中的信息，因此選項［ C ］是正確答案。

    例 3（2006 年真題 ）

    In March 1998， a friend of Williams ‘ s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions， and wrote to inform the casino of Williams ’ s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers， and wrote to him a “ cease admissions ” letter. Noting the “ medical/psychological ” nature of problem gambling behaviors， the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.

    42

    The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning： “ Enjoy the fun … and always bet with your head， not over it ” . Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless， Williams ‘ s suit charges that the casino， knowing he was “ helplessly addicted to gambling ” ， intentionally worked to “ lure ” him to “ engage in conduct against his will. ” Well.

    ［ A ］ Although no such evidence was presented， the casino ‘ s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

    ［ B ］ It is unclear what luring was required， given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative？

    ［ C ］ By the time he had lost $5，000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even， he would quit. One night he won $5，500， but he did not quit.

    ［ D ］ Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever， but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin， or a social disease. Now it is a social policy： the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.

    ［ E ］ David Williams ‘ s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don ’ t bet on it.

    ［ F ］ It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems， often defining as addictions what earlier， sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

    ［ G ］ The anonymous， lonely， undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling， what would be its grounds for doing so？

    「解析」［ A ］ 空格前面一句 the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well �� being 的主語是 letter ， letter 后面的賓語從句講的是 letter 的內容： David Williams 在進入賭場之前要提交能證明不會對他的人身安全和財務造成威脅的信息。緊接著這句話的句子所表達的信息應當還要提及關于信件 （letter） 及其內容的信息，因此要填入的選項要表達這一方面的內容，才能在語義上和上文連貫。比較選項可以發現，選項［ A ］中出現了 letter 的同義詞 mail ，同時從內容上分析，選項［ A ］中的 Although no such evidence was presented 和上文中的 he would have to present medical/psychological …語義上銜接緊密，語義連貫。因此選項［ A ］是正確答案。

    2） 詞匯同現法

    詞匯同現是指屬于同一詞匯搭配范疇或者某一領域的詞匯在文章中共同出現，達到語義銜接的目的。一般來說，上下文中詞匯的范疇越小，上下文的銜接關系越緊密。

    例 1（ 大綱樣題 ）

    42 . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action， and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals， birds， and insects of which we know noting.

    ［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

    ［ B ］ Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils， From them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate.

    ［ C ］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes， first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians， the animals able to live both on land and in water， appeared. They were giant， sometimes 8 feet long， and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam， or layer， formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land， in the sea， and in the air.

    ［ D ］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

    ［ E ］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea-lilies， relations of the star-fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks.

    ［ F ］ When an animal dies， the body， its bones， or shell， may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

    ［ G ］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals， dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression， or simply reduced to a more stable form.

    「解析」［ F ］本題出現在一個段落的首句，從答題策略來看，應當重點看后文的敘述，后文中 water 重復了兩遍，說明這一信息是本段落的重點信息。同時這一信息很可能會在上下文中，即我們要填入的信息中出現復現詞或同現詞。對比選項，選項［ F ］中出現了 lake ， stream ， river ， sea 等同類詞匯，因此可以判斷這一選項為正確答案。本題比較大的干擾項為［ G ］，因為［ G ］項一開始就有 how fossils ate preserved 與下文 Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks …所表達的內容從形式上來看似乎是吻合的；但是［ G ］項后面講的是動物遺體上的有機組織 （organism） 可能轉化成幾種形式而本題空白處后面的內容則告訴人們 Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action（ 巖石中幾乎所有的化石都是由于水作用而被保存下來 ） ，語義上主要說明泥沙對于化石保存下來所起的作用，因此兩者在語義的銜接上是不連貫的。

    例 2（2006 年真題 ）

    The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “ pathological gambling ” involves persistent， recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

    44 Pushed by science， or what claims to be science， society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

    ［ A ］ Although no such evidence was presented， the casino ‘ s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

    ［ B ］ It is unclear what luring was required， given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative？

    ［ C ］ By the time he had lost $5，000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even， he would quit. One night he won $5，500， but he did not quit.

    ［ D ］ Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever， but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin， or a social disease. Now it is a social policy： the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.

    ［ E ］ David Williams ‘ s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don ’ t bet on it.

    ［ F ］ It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems， often defining as addictions what earlier， sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

    ［ G ］ The anonymous， lonely， undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling， what would be its grounds for doing so？

    「解析」［ F ］首先可以利用詞匯同現的方法解答此題，試題前句的 diagnostic（ 診斷上的 ）， 選項中的 medicalize（ 醫學化 ） 以及空格后面的 physical（ 身體上的 ） 雖然不是近義詞或同義詞，但很明顯它們屬于同一醫學范疇，因此屬于同一范疇詞匯對應；其次，還可以利用結構銜接法，選項中的 defining as（ 注意選項中有倒裝結構，原結構應該是 define … as … ） 與空格后的 reclassifying … as …是近義詞表達法，都是表示“歸類為，定義為”；再次，可以利用詞匯復現法，選項中的 weakness of will（ 意志上的弱點 ） 和空格后句中的 character flaws（ 性格的缺陷 ） 是上下義詞的關系，前者屬于后者。

    3） 代詞線索

    英語表達中代詞出現的頻率極高，代詞的作用無非是指代前面提及的名詞或形容詞概念，巧妙利用這樣的指代關系和根據代詞的單復數差異可以準確而快速地解題。

    例 （ 大綱樣題 ）

    There were also crab-like creatures， whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs， one pair for walking on the sandy bottom， the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes， often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

    44 Of these， the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers， each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

    ［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

    ［ B ］ Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils， From them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate.

    ［ C ］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes， first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians， the animals able to live both on land and in water， appeared. They were giant， sometimes 8 feet long， and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam， or layer， formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land， in the sea， and in the air.

    ［ D ］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

    ［ E ］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea �� lilies， relations of the star �� fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks.

    ［ F ］ When an animal dies， the body， its bones， or shell， may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

    ［ G ］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals， dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression， or simply reduced to a more stable form.

    「解析」［ A ］ 下文一開始就出現了指示代詞 these ，這說明試題前面的句子表明了一類事物，也就是說，試題部分應該有“ some， several， many ”或類似的詞，對比答案只能是選項［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. ［ A ］里面出現了 many different kinds of ，這個短語和后面的指示代詞 these 形成了對應關系。

    4） 數字線索

    包括具體數字以及和數字相關的詞匯諸如 ratio， rate 等等。作者列出數字，除了和其他數字進行對比和比較之外，還可以用數據來說明一個觀點。

    例 1（2006 年真題 ）

    He visited the casino， lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him， as a good customer， a “ Fun Card ” ， which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks， and enables the casino to track the user ‘ s gambling activities. For Williams， these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.

    41 In 1997 he lost $21，000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72，186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time， all night， until the boat docked at 5 a.m.， then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino， charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.

    ［ A ］ Although no such evidence was presented， the casino ‘ s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

    ［ B ］ It is unclear what luring was required， given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative？

    ［ C ］ By the time he had lost $5，000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even， he would quit. One night he won $5，500， but he did not quit.

    ［ D ］ Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever， but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin， or a social disease. Now it is a social policy： the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.

    ［ E ］ David Williams ‘ s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don ’ t bet on it.

    ［ F ］ It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems， often defining as addictions what earlier， sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

    ［ G ］ The anonymous， lonely， undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling， what would be its grounds for doing so？

    「解析」［ C ］從前后文表達的語義來看，前文的第一句話表明了本段的主題 He visited the casino， lost the $20 and left .試題后面的句子是 In 1997 he lost $21，000 to one slot machine in two days ，兩者的側重點都集中在 lost（ 輸錢 ） 上，同是前后文中都出現了一些數字加以說明，因此從語義上判斷，要填入的內容一定和此人輸錢有關，同時選項中很可能會出現數字。對比選項，選項［ C ］中出現了 $5，000 和 $5 ， 500 和前后文的數字形成照應，由于其他選項中沒有任何數字，考生應該很快能看出這個答案。此外，從語義邏輯上看，試題所在的選項句和試題后面的一句其實是用具體的事實數據在描述 David Williams 的賭癮越來越大，兩者的語義邏輯表達方向一致，因此選項［ C ］是正確答案。

    5） 邏輯關系線索

    （a） 并列與遞進關系 ： and， or， also ， neither … nor … ，either … or … ，likewise， similarly， equally， in the same way， that is to say ，as well as， the same … as，besides， additionally， furthermore， moreover， in addition to ，what is more

    例 （ 大綱樣題 ）

    43 There were also crab-like creatures， whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs， one pair for walking on the sandy bottom， the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes， often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

    ［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

    ［ B ］ Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils， From them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate.

    ［ C ］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes， first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians， the animals able to live both on land and in water， appeared. They were giant， sometimes 8 feet long， and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam， or layer， formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land， in the sea， and in the air.

    ［ D ］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

    ［ E ］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea-lilies， relations of the star-fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks.

    ［ F ］ When an animal dies， the body， its bones， or shell， may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

    ［ G ］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals， dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression， or simply reduced to a more stable form.

    「解析」［ E ］本題選擇的特征詞是“ also ”。“ also ”表并列關系，語義上對前文進行補充和說明，這就證明本題前面的句子中應當與 also 后的 crab-like creatures（ 類似螃蟹的生物 ） 相并列的內容，或者出現了有關“類似螃蟹的生物”的描述的信息。比較選項可以發現，選項［ E ］中出現的信息 Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea �� lilies， relations of the star �� fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks 描述了一些生物具有“類似螃蟹的信息”： had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rock（ 有長腕且通過長柄附著于海床或巖石上 ） .因此，選項 ［ E ］是正確答案。

    （b） 因果關系： because， for， since， as， thus， hence， therefore， so， so … that， consequently， accordingly， due to， thanks to， as a result ，because of ，in that， for this reason， of course

    例 （2005 年真題 ）

    Rather than， say， Quebec， negotiating on behalf of seven million people， the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers， the higher the likelihood of a better price.

    43

    A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-coordinating office for Health Technology Assessment， funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it， a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably， and regrettably， Quebec refused to join.

    ［ A ］ Quebec ‘ s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec ’ s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent！

    ［ B ］ Or they could read Mr. Kirby ‘ s report： “ The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies. ”

    ［ C ］ What does “ notional ” mean？ Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

    ［ D ］ The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been， are， and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

    ［ E ］ According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information， prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health �� care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

    ［ F ］ So， if the provinces want to run the health-care show， they should prove they can run it， starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication， save administrative costs， prevent one province from being played off against another， and bargain for better drug prices.

    ［ G ］ Of course， the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers， they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that， if one province includes a drug on its list， the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn ‘ t like a national agency， but self �� interest would lead them to deal with it.

    「解析」［ G ］試題前的一段講到 the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers， the higher the likelihood of a better price（ 全國的機構是代表 3100 萬人去談判，潛在的顧客的人數越多，得到底價的可能性越高 ） .通過這段話可以得知，建立全國性機構后，醫藥的價格會下降，醫藥公司會做出反應，即上一個段落和本題之間是因果關系。因此選項［ G ］是正確答案。選項［ G ］中的 of course 起承上啟下的作用，表達了某種因果關系，從 of course 后面的語義來看，表達的正是關于醫藥公司的內容： Of course， the pharmaceutical companies will scream ，這兒的 scream 原作“尖叫”解，在這里作“高聲抱怨”解。因此選項［ G ］是正確答案。

    同時，本題還可以根據和后面一個段落之間的關系做出選擇。從后面一個段落的第一句話 A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency 來看，討論的是如何解決國家機構的問題，這是一個表示結果的句子，由此可以推知要填入的試題中一定會出現關于如何對待 national agency 的論述。選項［ G ］的比較后一句話 They wouldn ‘ t like a national agency， but self �� interest would lead them to deal with it 表達的正是這個含義，不論從內容上，還是從措辭上和下文的內容非常的銜接，因此是正確答案。

    （c） 轉折讓步關系： but， however， yet， on the contrary， by contrast， on the other hand， unfortunately， while， whereas， unlike， rather than ，instead of， it is true that，of course，although， though， even though， even if， nevertheless， despite， in spite of

    例 （ 大綱樣題 ）

    Long before Man lived on the Earth， there were fishes， reptiles， birds， insects， and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today， others are now extinct， that is， they have no descendants alive now.

    41 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin， so that， apart from color， we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land， often of the plants that grew on it， and even of its climate.

    ［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

    ［ B ］ Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate.

    ［ C ］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes， first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians， the animals able to live both on land and in water， appeared. They were giant， sometimes 8 feet long， and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam， or layer， formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land， in the sea， and in the air.

    ［ D ］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

    ［ E ］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea-lilies， relations of the star-fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks.

    ［ F ］ When an animal dies， the body， its bones， or shell， may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

    ［ G ］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals， dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression， or simply reduced to a more stable form.

    「解析」［ B ］從試題前后的語義邏輯關系來看，試題前面的一段話表明的信息是 Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today， others are now extinct， that is， they have no descendants alive now（ 盡管這些動物是某些活到現在的物種的祖先，但有的動物卻滅絕了，也就是說它們現在已經沒有子孫后代活在這個世界上 ） .試題的后面的句子表明的信息是 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin， so that， apart from color， we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago（ 有時候這些石頭可以將它們的外表展現出來，這樣，除了顏色我們就可以對那些數百年前死掉的生物形成一個比較準確的印象 ） .從語義關系里看，前文中說動物滅絕了，暗含的意思是我們不可能得到這些動物的任何信息，而后面的句子說我們可以對這些動物形成準確的印象，因此，前后文形成了明顯的對比關系，四個選項中能夠表達這種關系的，只有選項［ B ］。

    本題還可以采用詞匯的復現來確定正確答案，從試題后面的句子 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin 來看， rocks 的前面使用了定冠詞 the 修飾，這表明 rocks 在前文中一定出現過，但我們考察第一段時發現，第一段中并沒有出現關于 rocks 的內容，因此可以確定，關于 rocks 的內容一定出現在要填入的試題中。選項［ B ］ Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate 中出現了動物的骨骼被保存在 the rocks 中，變成化石的論述，由此可以判斷選項［ B ］是正確答案。

    （d） 時間關系： afterwards， at first， at last， finally， first， firstly， in the first place， to start with ， in the mean time， last， later， next， second， secondly， then， third， thirdly， to begin with 以及一些具體的時間。

    例 （ 大綱樣題 ）

    … Of these， the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers， each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

    45

    About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed， and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals， though now extinct， were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

    ［ A ］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

    ［ B ］ Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils， From them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate.

    ［ C ］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes， first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians， the animals able to live both on land and in water， appeared. They were giant， sometimes 8 feet long， and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam， or layer， formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land， in the sea， and in the air.

    ［ D ］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

    ［ E ］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea-lilies， relations of the star-fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks.

    ［ F ］ When an animal dies， the body， its bones， or shell， may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

    ［ G ］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals， dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression， or simply reduced to a more stable form.

    「解析」［ C ］從文章的整體結構看，這里需要一個內容的“高潮”：前面幾段講的都是動物不斷的進化過程，而下文中表示時間的短語“ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over ” 很可能向我們傳達了這樣一個信息：文章對地球上動物進化過程的描寫很有可能是按照時間順序的，因此本題所在的段落和下面的段落很可能存在時間上的延續關系，即本題所在的段落很可能會提到比 75 million years ago 更早的時間。通過對比選項可知選項［ C ］中的兩個表示時間的短語 375 million years 和 150 million years 和下一個段落中提到的時間狀語具有了延續性，是正確答案。

    此外，還可以采用詞匯復現法解答本題。試題后面一句話 About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out 中的 reptile 在本題前的文章中從沒有提到，在下文中又沒有作為新信息，因而作為正確答案的選項中一定有這個詞，只有［ C ］項中有“ The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land， in the sea， and in the sea ，and in the air ”。所以正確答案只能是［ C ］。