2013年貨運代理考試貨代英語輔導講義第十章
來源：中大網校發布時間：2012-12-20
（一）基本要求
了解：Departure formalities
熟悉： Arrival Formalities
掌握：Custom Clearance
（二）考試內容：
1. Arrival Formalities
A vessel entering a country from any place outside has to call first at a port which is indicated by the Government as a customs port.
However， the vessel can start unloading goods only after the customs authorities grant the necessary permit， called “Entry Inwards”（進口報關單）， to the vessel on submission by the master or agent of the vessel of an “Import Manifest” containing particulars of the cargo on board in the prescribed form.
The import manifest has to be accompanied by other documents
as may be required such as：
Certificates like the load line；
Safety radio telegraphy and safety equipment；
Certificate of registry；
Port clearance from the last port of call；
Crew list；
Stores list； and
Declaration regarding personal property of officers and crew.
2. Departure Formalities
3. Custom clearance
All import cargo has to be landed at the customs port and should not be removed out customs control without the written permission of the customs authorities.
Before permission is given to remove the goods out of customs control， the owner or agent is required to submit a Bill of Entry（報關單）， Customs Declaration （申報單） or Inward Permit （進口許可證）， as may be prescribed by law， in the prescribed form to enable the customs authorities to examine and appraise the goods.
The Bill of Entry usually contains particulars such as value， quantity， description of goods， name of the ship， port of shipment， and such other particulars as may be prescribed by the customs authorities. These particulars have to tally with those contained in the relevant import manifest.
The customs authorities have powers to examine the goods imported. The examination may be physical（實體） - visual（直觀） inspection， counting， weighing， measuring， chemical test， etc. - or documentary， that is calling for relevant documents such as invoice， banker's note， policy of insurance for verifying the value， quantity or description of goods.
The exporter has to submit to the customs authorities the Shipping Bill or Export Declaration or Outward Export Permit as may be prescribed by law in the prescribed form. The Shipping Bill may be accompanied by such documents as may be prescribed by the customs authorities， for example， invoices and packaging list， export license （for controlled goods）， inspection certificate （wherever applicable）， health certificate for live animals， etc.
Unit 13 International Rail and Road ransport
（一）基本要求
熟悉：Introduction to CMR
掌握：Carrier‘s Responsibilities and Exceptions under CMR
（二）考試內容：
1. CMR
In the contract of carriage of goods by road， the rights， duties and responsibilities of the road carrier may be discussed under Convention de Merchandises Par Routes （CMR） and the national law.
The CMR convention is the convention on contract for international carriage of goods by road which was adopted in 1956 and which generally governs international transport of goods by road. The CMR convention has been ratified only by countries in Europe and road transport in the countries outside Europe is to a great extent governed by national laws and ordinances which vary from country to country.
However， it is of benefit to forwarders outside Europe to be aware of the convention as they could then understand the legal regime applicable to movement of cargo when they act as intermodal transport operators， when land transport in Europe forms part of the intermodal transport system.
2. Carrier‘s responsibilities under CMR
2.1 The acts and omissions of his agents and servants or other persons whose services he makes use of；
2.2 Loss of or damage to the goods occurring between the time he takes over the goods and the time of delivery as well as for any delay in delivery.
3. Carrier‘s exceptions under CMR
The carrier is relieved of liability if the loss， damage or delay
is due to：
3.1 Any wrongful act or neglect of the consignor；
3.2 Inherent vice of the goods； and
3.3 Circumstances which he could not avoid and the consequence of which he was unable to prevent.
The carrier shall not be relieved of liability by reason of the defective condition of the vehicle used by him in order to perform the carriage， or by reason of wrongful act or neglect of the person from whom he may have hired the vehicle or of the agents or servants of the latter.
Unit 14 General features of consolidation
（一）基本要求
了解： Meaning of Consolidation
熟悉： Status of Consolidator
掌握：Advantages of consolidation
（二）考試內容：
1. Meaning of consolidation
2. Status of consolidator
As a consolidator， the freight forwarder will provide the service in his own name and issue a house bill of lading. To the individual consignors， the consolidator is the carrier， while in his relationship with the actual carrier， he is the consignor. The individual consignors and consignees do not deal directly with the actual carrier.
3. Advantages of consolidation
Consolidation can benefit all concerned， e.g. exporters and shippers， carrier and forwarder. The national economy can also benefit.
For exporters and shippers， they get the benefit of a rate lower than they would have normally paid to the carrier. It is particularly beneficial to small shippers who are not well established in their trade and who do not have enough bargaining strength to negotiate rates with the shipping or air lines.
And shippers find it advantageous to deal through a freight forwarder who provides consolidation services to a wide range of destinations instead of approaching several shipping lines， each of which may be offering services only on routes which they operate.
Besides， consolidation can also benefit a carrier.
The carrier does not have to handle individual consignments and this results in considerable savings in paperwork and time. there is more intensive utilization of his carrying capacity as the consolidator offers his FCL cargoes.
The carrier also saves on the expenditure which he would have otherwise incurred in maintaining freight handling equipment and in employing workers to handle LCL shipments， and he does not have to take the risk of freight payments by the individual shippers as this is taken care of by the freight forwarder.
Unit 15 Multimodal Transport
（一）基本要求
了解：Meaning of multimodal transport
熟悉：Advantages of multimodal transport
掌握：Different types of multimodal transport operations
（二）考試內容：
1. Meaning of multimodal transport
2. Advantages of multimodal transport
Minimizing time loss at transshipment points；
Providing faster transit of goods；
Reducing the burden of documentation and formalities；
Saving costs；
Establishing only one agency to deal with；
Reducing cost of exports：
3.Different types of multimodal transport operations
Currently， different types of multimodal transport operations involving different combinations are taking place. These are sea/air， air/road， rail /road /inland waterways-sea-rail/road/inland waterways， mini-bridge， land bridge， piggyback and sea train.
Sea/air combines in itself the economy of sea transport and the speed of air transport. The economics of this combination mode favor high value items（高價值貨） like electronics， electrical goods， computers and photographic equipment.
In air/road， road transport is now being increasingly used for trucking air freight（車運航空貨物） over long distances， sometimes across national boundaries， to connect with the main bases of airlines operating long haul services such as transpacific， transatlantic and inter-continental.
Rail/road/inland waterways-sea-rail/road/inland waterways mode is in common use when goods have to be moved by sea from one country to another and one or more inland modes of transport such as rail， road or inland waterways have to be used for moving goods from an inland center to the seaport in the country of origin or from the seaport to an inland center in the country of destination
Mini-bridge （小陸橋）involves the movement of containers， under a through bill of lading issued by an ocean carrier， by a vessel from a port in one country to a port in another country and then by rail to a second port city in the second country， terminating at the rail carrier's terminal in the second port city.
Land bridge system concerns itself with shipment of containers overland as a part of a sealand or a sea-land-sea route. In this case， the railways are paid a flat rate by the ocean carrier who issues the through bill of lading. This system is in operation for the movement of containers on certain important international routes.
Piggyback （馱運）is a system of unitized multimodal land transportation of transport by road and rail. It combines in itself the speed and reliability of rail on long trunk hauls with door-to-door flexibility of road transport for collection and delivery.
Sea train（火車輪渡） is another innovation in the multimodal transport system involving the use of rail and ocean transport. It is similar to the roll-on， roil-off system except that in the place of the ro-ro vehicle a rail car is used so that geographically separated rail systems can be connected by the use of an ocean carrier.
