2013年貨運代理考試貨代英語輔導講義第十一章
來源：中大網校發布時間：2012-12-20
（一）基本要求
了解：The Logistical Value Proposition
熟悉：Definition of Logistics， Logistics operation
掌握：The work of logistics
（二）考試內容
1. Definition of Logistics
The Council of Logistics Management has developed the following definition： “Logistics is the process of planning， implementing and controlling the efficient， effective flow and storage of goods， services and related information from point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements.”
物流是指以滿足客戶需求為目的，對貨物、服務以及相關信息從發源地到消費地經濟、高效的流動及儲存進行計劃、實施、控制的過程。
2. The Logistical Value Proposition
3. The work of Logistics
There are five areas of logistical work： （1） order processing； （2） inventory； （3） transportation； （4） warehousing， materials handling， and packaging； and （5） facility network.
For a supply chain to realize the maximum strategic benefit of logistics， the full range of functional work must be integrated（整合）。
It is the interrelation of functions that challenges（促使） the successful implementation of integrated logistical management （整合物流管理的成功實施）。 Work related to these functional areas combines to create the capabilities needed to achieve logistical value.（創造以實現物流價值所需要的能力）
3.1 Order processing
In most supply chains， customer requirements are transmitted in the form of orders. The processing of these orders involves all aspects of managing customer requirements from initial order receipt， delivery， invoicing， and collection.
（訂單處理包括管理客戶需求的各方面，從最初接受訂單、交貨，到開具發票、收款）
3.2 Inventory
The objective in inventory strategy is to achieve desired customer service with the minimum inventory commitment（最低庫存量）。
Logistical strategies should be designed to maintain the lowest possible financial investment in inventory.
A sound inventory strategy is based on a combination of five aspects of selective deployment（選擇性調度結合基礎上）： core customer segmentation（核心客戶的分離）， product profitability（產品利潤率）， transportation integration（運輸整合）， time-based performance（時間性績效）， and competitive performance（競爭性績效）。
3.3 Transportation
Transportation requirements can be satisfied in three basic ways.
First， a private fleet of equipment may be operated. Second， contracts may be arranged with dedicated transport specialists. Third， an enterprise may engage the services of a wide variety of carriers that provide different transportation services on a per shipment basis.
From the logistical system viewpoint， three factors are fundamental to transportation performance： cost， speed， and consistency. In designing a logistical system， a delicate balance must be maintained between transportation cost and service quality. （設計物流系統必須在運輸成本和服務質量之間保持一種精妙的平衡）
3.4 Warehousing， Materials
Handling， and Packaging
Inventory typically needs to be warehoused at selected times during the logistics process.
Transportation vehicles require materials handling for efficient loading and unloading.
Finally， the individual products are most efficiently handled when packaged together into shipping cartons or other unit loads.
When effectively integrated into an enterprise‘s logistical operations， warehousing， materials handling， and packaging facilitate the speed and overall ease of product flow throughout the logistical system.
3.5 Facility Network
In business operations， the number， size， and geographical relationship of facilities used to perform logistical operations directly impacts customer service capabilities and cost.
Network design is a primary responsibility of logistical management since a firm‘s facility structure is used to ship products and materials to customers.
Typical logistics facilities are manufacturing plants， warehouses， cross-dock （碼頭之間）operations， and retail stores.
The selection of a superior locational network can provide a significant step toward achieving competitive advantage.
4. Logistical Operations
4.1 Inventory Flow（庫存流）
Logistical operations can be divided into three areas： market distribution（市場分銷）， manufacturing support（制造支持）， and procurement（采購）。
The movement of finished product to customers is market distribution.
The area of manufacturing support concentrates on managing work-in-process（半成品） inventory as it flows between stages of manufacturing.
Procurement is concerned with purchasing and arranging inbound movement（向內部流動） of materials， parts， and/or finished（制成品） inventory from suppliers to manufacturing or assembly plants， warehouses， or retail stores.
4.2 Information Flow（信息流）
The primary objective of information flow management is to reconcile（協調） these differentials to improve overall supply chain performance.
It is important to stress that information requirements parallel the actual work performed in market distribution， manufacturing support， and procurement（信息要求與市場分銷、制造支持、采購過程中進行的實際工作同等重要）。 Whereas these areas contain the actual logistics work， information facilitates coordination of planning and control of day-to-day operations. Without accurate information the effort involved in the logistical system can be wasted.
