2013年國際貨代人專業英語講義(1)
來源:中大網校發布時間:2012-12-21
Unit 1 International Trade 國際貿易(2)
三、國際貿易的風險
國際貿易主要包括了兩個方面的風險:經濟風險和政治風險。
1、經濟風險
英文原文:Economic risks include the risk of insolvency of the buyer; the risk of the failure of the buyer to pay the amount due within six months after the due date; the risk of non-acceptance; the risk of exchange rate, and so on.
注釋:include: 包括,包含 insolvency: 無力償還,破產 failure: 失敗,無支付能力 amount: 金額,款額 due: 到期的,應付的 non-acceptance: 不接受, 不兌現, 拒絕承兌 exchange rate: 外匯匯率,外匯匯價
中文意思:經濟風險包括:買方破產;買方到期日后六個月內不支付應付款額;拒絕承兌;外匯風險等。
2、政治風險
英文原文:Political risks include the risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licenses; war risks; risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer‘s company; risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods; transfer risk — imposition of exchange controls by the importer’s country or foreign currency shortages; and influence of political parties on an importer‘s company.
注釋:cancellation: 注銷,作廢,取消 non-renewal :不更換license: 許可(證),執照 expropriation: 征用, 收用, 征收 confiscation: 沒收, 充公, 征用 importer: 進口商,輸入者 imposition: 強迫接受,征稅,負擔 import ban: 進口禁令(ban: 禁令)shipment: 裝船,裝運 transfer risk: 轉讓風險(transfer: 交付,轉讓(財產等))exchange controls: 外匯管制 foreign currency :外幣 shortage: 缺乏,不足influence: 影響力, 權力, 勢力 political parties: 政黨
中文意思:政治風險主要包括:取消或不更換出口或進口許可證;戰爭風險;進口商公司被征用或者充公;貨物裝船后強制實施進口禁令;轉讓風險——進口商所在國家采取的強制性的外匯管制或者外幣緊缺;以及該國政黨對進口商公司的影響。
四、世貿組織
1、世貿組織的簡單介紹
英文原文:The World Trade Organization is best described as an umbrella organization under which the agreements that came out of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations are gathered.
注釋:World Trade Organization (WTO): 世界貿易組織 be described as: 被描述為(describe: 描述,形容)umbrella organization: 聯盟組織,各種團體聯合在一起的組織(umbrella: 通常為名詞,雨傘;在這里作為形容詞理解“包羅萬象的”;organization: 組織,機構)agreement: 契約, 協議, 協定 came out of (come out of): 由…產生,從…出來 Uruguay Round:烏拉圭回合 multilateral trade negotiations: 多邊貿易談判(multilateral: 多邊的,多國的;negotiation: 談判,磋商)gather: 聚集,集合,收集
中文意思:準確地說世界貿易組織是一個聯盟性的組織,聯盟內的各項協定都是經烏拉圭回合多邊貿易談判共同達成。
英文原文:Additionally, the WTO is to cooperate with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in order to achieve coherence in global economic policy making.(附屬功能)
注釋:additionally: 此外 cooperate with: 與…合作 the International Monetary Fund: 國際貨幣基金組織 the World Bank: 世界銀行 in order to: (表目的)為了… achieve coherence: 達成一致(achieve: 完成,達到;coherence: 一致,一致性)global: 全球的,世界的 policy: 方針,政策
中文意思:此外,世貿組織與國際貨幣基金組織及世界銀行合作,致力于實現全球經濟政策制定的統一。(附屬功能)
2、世界貿易組織的基本功能(4個方面)
1)to implement, administer, and carry out the WTO Agreement and its annexes;
執行,管理和實施世貿組織協定及其附件。
(注釋:implement: 實現,執行 administer: 管理,實施 carry out: 完成, 實現, 貫徹, 落實 annex: 附件)
2)to act as a forum for ongoing multilateral trade negotiations;
充當現行多邊貿易談判的論壇
(注釋:act as: 充當,擔當 forum: 論壇,討論會 ongoing: 進行的,前進的)
3)to serve as a tribunal for resolving disputes;
作為解決爭端的法庭
(注釋:tribunal: 法庭, 法官席, 裁決 resolve dispute: 解決爭端 (resolve: 解決,消除;dispute: 爭端,爭議,糾紛)
4)to review the trade policies and practices of member states.
評審各成員國的貿易政策和行為
(注釋:review: 審查, 評審, 再檢查 practice: 行為 member states: 成員國)
五、國際貿易壁壘
1、貿易壁壘的一般定義
英文原文:A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade.
注釋:trade barrier: 貿易壁壘 general term: 總稱,總括 regulation: 規則,規章,條例 restrict: 限制; 約束; 制[禁]止
中文意思:貿易壁壘是指各國政府用于限制國際貿易的政策或條例的總稱。
2、各種貿易壁壘措施
1)import duties: 進口稅(注釋:duty: 關稅)
2)import or export licenses: 進出口許可證
3)import quotas: 進口配額 (注釋:quota: 配額)
4)tariffs: 關稅
5)subsidies: 補貼
6)non-tariff barriers: 非關稅壁壘
3、貿易壁壘實施的原理
英文原文:Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost to trade that raises the price of trade products. If two or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a trade war results.
注釋:principle:原則,原理 repeatedly: 再三地,重復地 result: 產生, 結果, 致使
中文意思:大多數貿易壁壘實施的原理是一樣的:強制性地增加某些貿易的成本,將會使得貿易產品的價格上升。如果兩個或多個國家之間相互反復的使用貿易壁壘,那么將會導致貿易戰爭。
六、國際貿易業務操作的基本步驟
英文原文:Any international transaction should start with market research. An importer/exporter must acquire good knowledge of the foreign market to which his products are to be sold so that he can trade with the customers successfully.
注釋:transaction: 交易,經濟業務 start with: 以…開始 market research: 市場調研 acquire good knowledge of…: 熟悉…(的知識) (acquire: 獲得,得到)foreign: 國外的,對外的 successfully: 成功地
中文意思:任何一筆國際交易最初都要進行市場調研。進口商/出口商必須熟悉其產品銷往的國外市場,這樣才能夠成功地與客戶進行交易。
1、國際貿易的具體步驟:
1)Seeking customers 尋找客戶 (注釋:seek: 尋找,尋求)
2)Contact each other by sending inquiries 聯系查詢(注釋contact: 接觸,聯系;inquiry: 詢問,詢盤)
3)Status inquiry 情況查詢 (注釋:Status: 情形,狀態)
4)Quotations or offers; acceptance or non-acceptance 報價或發盤;接受或不接受報價或發盤(注釋:quotation: 報價 offer: 發盤 acceptance: 接受)
5)Order; contract 發送訂單;簽訂合同 (注釋:order: 訂單;contract: 合同)
6)Obtaining import/export license; opening L/C / receiving L/C, if any 獲得進口/出口許可證;開立信用證/接收信用證 (注釋:obtain: 獲得,取得 L/C:信用證)
7)Preparation of goods by the seller 賣方備貨 (注釋:preparation: 準備,預備)
8)Inspection or survey of goods 檢查或檢驗貨物(注釋:inspection: 檢查,檢驗;survey: 調查,測量)
9)Reserving shipping space either by the seller or buyer, depending on the trade terms. 依據貿易條款,由賣方或買方訂艙。(注釋:reserve shipping space: 訂艙(位);trade terms: 貿易條款)
10)Effecting insurance 辦理保險 (注釋:effect: 作用,效果,在此為“辦理”之意;insurance: 保險)
11)Customs clearance and loading 報關裝貨(注釋:customs clearance: 報關,清關;loading: 裝貨)
12)Shipping advice 裝船(發貨)通知
13)Negotiation of export documents under L/C by the beneficiary 通過受益人議付信用證項下的出口單證。(注釋:documents: 單據,單證;beneficiary: 受益人)
14)Redemption of documents under L/C 贖回信用證項下單證(贖單)(注釋:redemption: 贖回,償還,履行)
15)Customs clearance for import 進口報關
16)Delivery of goods 交貨 (注釋:delivery: 交付,交遞)
17)Lodging and Settling claims (if any) 提出索賠/理賠 (注釋:lodge: 提出 settle: 支付, 安排, 解決 claim: 要求,主張,索賠,索取)
七、常用短語、名詞
International trade: 國際貿易
GDP (gross domestic product) 國民生產總值,國內生產總值
Industrialization 工業化
Globalization 全球化
Multinational corporation: 跨國公司
Factors of production 生產要素
Labor-intensive goods 勞動密集型產品
International finance 國際金融
Exchange rate: 外匯匯率
Transfer risk: 轉讓風險
Exchange controls: 外匯管制
WTO (world trade organization): 世界貿易組織
Uruguay Round: 烏拉圭回合
Multilateral trade: 多邊貿易
The International Monetary Fund 國際貨幣基金組織
The World Bank 世界銀行
Outsourcing 外包
Trade barrier 貿易壁壘
Import duties: 進口稅
Import/export license:進口/出口許可證
Import quota: 進口配額
Tariff: 關稅
Non-tariff barrier: 非關稅壁壘
Market research 市場調研
Offer: 發盤
Shipping space: 艙位
Customs clearance: 報關,清關
Loading: 裝貨
Shipping advice: 裝運通知
Redemption of documents: 贖單
Delivery of goods 交貨
課后練習
一、選擇題
1、 International trade is mainly the exchange of ( )
A. labor
B. capital
C. goods
D. service
答案:BCD
2、International trade is mostly restricted to trade in ( )
A. goods
B. labor
C. service
D. capital
答案:AC
3、The differences between international trade and domestic trade mainly are: ( )
A. capital
B. cost
C. service
D. factors of production
答案:BD
4、Which of the following risks are the political risks of international trade? ( )
A. non-acceptance
B. cancellation of import licenses
C. transfer risk
D. exchange rate
答案:BC
5、The basic functions of WTO are: ( )
A. implement, administer and carry out the WTO Agreement and its annexes
B. act as forum for multilateral trade negotiations
C. serves as tribunal for resolving disputes
D. review the trade policies and practices of member states
答案:ABCD
6、The general forms of trade barriers have: ( )
A. import quotas
B. import duties
C. subsidies
D. export licenses
答案:ABCD
二、判斷題
1、International trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. ( )
答案:正確
2、International trade is restricted to exchange of goods and services. ( )
答案:錯
3、Under the L/C operation the seller need to open the L/C with its bank. ( )
答案:錯
4、Any international transaction should start with seeking customers. ( )
答案:錯
5、Generally a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production instead of importing the factor of production.
答案: 正確
三、英漢互譯
1、1) International Trade 2) outsourcing 3) domestic trade 4) multilateral trade 5) Uruguay Round
答案:1)國際貿易 2)外包 3)國內貿易 4)多邊貿易 5)烏拉圭回合
2、1)國內生產總值 2)生產要素 3)貿易壁壘 4)國際貨幣基金組織 5)發盤
答案:1) Gross domestic product 2) factors of production 3) trade barrier 4) the International Monetary Fund 5) offer
四、請用英文簡述國際貿易的基本步驟
答案:參考教材第3頁